The first and easiest method of this bachelor thesis uses a simple ResNet to calucalte those embeddings and is basically a simple prototypical netowrk.
PatchCore is an advanced method designed for cold-start anomaly detection and localization, primarily focused on industrial image data.
It operates on the principle that an image is anomalous if any of its patches is anomalous.
The method achieves state-of-the-art performance on benchmarks like MVTec AD with high accuracy, low computational cost, and competitive inference times. #cite(<patchcorepaper>)
// todo vll ersten absatz umofrmulieren und vereinfachen
The PatchCore framework leverages a pre-trained convolutional neural network (e.g., WideResNet50) to extract mid-level features from image patches.
By focusing on intermediate layers, PatchCore balances the retention of localized information with a reduction in bias associated with high-level features pre-trained on ImageNet.
To enhance robustness to spatial variations, the method aggregates features from local neighborhoods using adaptive pooling, which increases the receptive field without sacrificing spatial resolution. #cite(<patchcorepaper>)
A crucial component of PatchCore is its memory bank, which stores patch-level features derived from the training dataset.
This memory bank represents the nominal distribution of features against which test patches are compared.
To ensure computational efficiency and scalability, PatchCore employs a coreset reduction technique to condense the memory bank by selecting the most representative patch features.
This optimization reduces both storage requirements and inference times while maintaining the integrity of the feature space. #cite(<patchcorepaper>)
During inference, PatchCore computes anomaly scores by measuring the distance between patch features from test images and their nearest neighbors in the memory bank.
If any patch exhibits a significant deviation, the corresponding image is flagged as anomalous.
For localization, the anomaly scores of individual patches are spatially aligned and upsampled to generate segmentation maps, providing pixel-level insights into the anomalous regions. #cite(<patchcorepaper>)
Patchcore reaches a 99.6% AUROC on the MVTec AD dataset when detecting anomalies.
A great advantage of this method is the coreset subsampling reducing the memory bank size significantly.
This lowers computational costs while maintaining detection accuracy. #cite(<patchcorepaper>)
#figure(
image("rsc/patchcore_overview.png", width: 80%),
caption: [Architecture of Patchcore. #cite(<patchcorepaper>)],
Convolutional neural networks are especially good model architectures for processing images, speech and audio signals.
A CNN typically consists of Convolutional layers, pooling layers and fully connected layers.
Convolutional layers are a set of learnable kernels (filters).
Each filter performs a convolution operation by sliding a window over every pixel of the image.
On each pixel a dot product creates a feature map.
Convolutional layers capture features like edges, textures or shapes.
Pooling layers sample down the feature maps created by the convolutional layers.
This helps reducing the computational complexity of the overall network and help with overfitting.
Common pooling layers include average- and max pooling.
Finally, after some convolution layers the feature map is flattened and passed to a network of fully connected layers to perform a classification or regression task.
@cnnarchitecture shows a typical binary classification task.
Equation~$cal(L)(p,q)$~\eqref{eq:crelbinarybatch}\cite{handsonaiI} is the Binary Cross Entropy Loss for a batch of size $cal(B)$ and used for model training in this Practical Work.
